Last week, to immediate controversy, Governor Kathy Hochul announced that she would deploy 1,000 members of the National Guard and State Police to patrol the New York City subway system in an effort to help people feel safer. Explaining her reasoning for “Morning Joe,” she said the measure would serve as both a deterrent and a way to “change the psychology around crime in the city.” That psychology tends toward pervasive fear in the aftermath of rare but dramatically violent incidents, such as the recent 3:40 a.m. attack on a train conductor in Brooklyn, who survived a cut to his neck after sticking his head out the window while driving into Rockaway . Avenue station.

“I could show you all the statistics in the world and say ‘you.’ should feel safe’ because the numbers are better,” Ms Hochul said. And essentially they are. Crime on public transport fell in 2023 compared to the previous year, even as ridership increased. Major crimes rose in January before falling in February.

“But you’re the mom on the subway with your baby in the stroller, you’re the parent putting your child on the subway to go to high school, you’re that senior citizen going to a doctor’s appointment,” she continued. ‘If you’re worried? Then I’ll be governor of New York State, and I’m worried about that.”

Of course, there are many reasons for New Yorkers to be concerned, but none of which warrant rapid and sweeping policy responses at the executive order level. The process of applying to the city’s public high schools is hellish, and last year was one of the deadliest on record for cyclists, to name just two examples. But the governor has made clear that changing perceptions about the prevalence of disorder is not her only goal. There is also a political motivation. “I’m going to show that the Democrats are fighting crime,” she also told Joe Scarborough and his team, “so this narrative that the Republicans have created and hijacked the narrative that we’re soft on crime and we’re defunding the police – no .”

It is undoubtedly true that many New Yorkers now worry about taking the subway in ways they did not before the Covid-19 pandemic, even if that concern is not always solely about crime, but rather the inconvenience that they experience when they witness so many people struggling with psychological instability on the trains.

Broad research shows that only 3 to 5 percent of violent acts are due to mental illness. But erratic behavior is highly visible on public transportation, and the death of Michelle Go, who was pushed off a platform and into the path of an oncoming train in Times Square two years ago, changed the mindset of many commuters and caused a terrifying situation. of repetitions. New habits soon formed; it is much more common these days to see people congregating in the middle of a platform, rather than at the edge, while waiting for a train. Ms Go’s attacker was ultimately deemed unfit to stand trial.

Part of Governor Hochul’s plan to calm passengers’ fears — and to lure back those who have given up on the subway altogether — includes additional security cameras and more random bag checks, as police have been doing for nearly two decades. But how that provides relief to someone who fears being thrown in front of a moving subway train by someone who may have schizophrenia, deals with drug addiction and is prone to impulsiveness is not particularly clear.

In sight of Jeffrey W Swanson, a professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Duke who studies the relationship between violence and mental illness, the idea of ​​deploying the National Guard to the subway not only seems ineffective as a prevention tool among people who don’t necessarily make rational decisions, but would can also lead to prove to be harmful. What could seem like greater security, he noted, could also emphasize the idea that we are “living in a violent dystopia.”

The issue is “not a one-thing problem and a one-thing solution,” Professor Swanson continued. A militaristic presence could have exactly the opposite effect of what the governor intends. “If someone is in the middle of a psychotic episode, they may feel like everyone is out to get them, that they are threatened,” he says. “It could reinforce a false perception of danger.”

Twenty years ago, in the years after September 11, the existential fear that many New Yorkers carried with them on their morning commute was the prospect of a deadly terrorist bombing underground. That this never happened remains both a miracle and the product of an extensive infrastructural response that involved not only the performative presence of more law enforcement officers, but also enormous efforts from multiple government agencies.

The analogy may not be perfect, but the mental health crisis afflicting the city—a problem that is partly, but in no way entirely, responsible for the subway’s reduced ridership—could be addressed in a similar way. More “homeless services and mental health care” on the streets, in shelters and prisons and transit centers would be a more rational solution, as Avram Bornstein, professor of anthropology at the John Jay College of Criminal Justice, put it. “Although it would be largely invisible, in a direct sense, to the average person,” he said.

The warden of a federal women’s prison in Northern California, long plagued by widespread sexual abuse, was removed from his position after the prison was raided by FBI agents.

The federal government said in a court filing Monday that it had removed the acting warden, Arthur Dulgov, as well as the deputy warden and two other top leaders at the Federal Correctional Institution in Dublin.

The Federal Bureau of Prisons said it had installed new leaders to renovate the prison in Dublin, California, about 40 miles (65 kilometers) east of San Francisco.

The scandal has resulted in an avalanche of lawsuits and allegations that sexual abuse has continued despite previous leadership shakeups. A spokesperson for the Bureau of Prisons said in a statement that the firings and appointment of new leaders were intended to “create positive cultural change” at the minimum-security prison. Nancy T. McKinney, a longtime Bureau of Prisons official, was appointed interim director.

The changes came hours after FBI agents raided the prison, taking documents and computers and attempting to interview prison officials, according to The Associated Press. Mr Dulgov had been acting warden of Dublin prison for less than three months.

The reasons for the raid are not specified. Lawyers representing inmates at the facility alleged in a lawsuit last month that Mr. Dulgov and his staff retaliated against an inmate who testified against prison officials by arranging her transfer to another facility, a move that violated a court order.

The inmate’s transfer “sent a message to others held at the jail, which could prevent them from filing complaints or testifying in further proceedings in this case,” attorneys for the inmates wrote.

The prison, which has been dubbed the “rape club” by inmates and correctional officers according to previous documents, has drawn attention oversight from federal lawmakers. The Senate Judiciary Committee has been investigating the Bureau of Prisons in general, and the situation in Dublin in particular.

The Senate investigation followed a research of the prison by The Associated Press in 2022, which relied on internal documents, interviews and recordings made by inmates and found “a permissive and toxic culture at the Bay Area lockup that has fueled years of sexual misconduct by predatory employees and cover-ups which largely kept the abuse out of the public eye.”

Since the report, the problems and crimes at the prison have attracted widespread attention, resulting in criminal charges and convictions. Among those now in prison for abusing prisoners is Ray Garcia, a former warden who was sentenced last year to 70 months in prison for sexual abuse.

“Instead of ensuring that female inmates in Dublin Prison were safe, Garcia used his position as a guard to sexually abuse three inmates over several years, intimidate inmates and lie to cover up his crimes,” says Michael E .Horowitz, Department of Justice. Inspector General of Justice, said in a statement after sentencing.

Last week, a coalition of civil rights organizations filed new lawsuits on behalf of a dozen inmates at Dublin prison.

The new allegations add to others that have been made for years. One accuser, a Native American woman identified by her initials, FS, said she was raped by a correctional officer one to three times a week, and was sometimes held down by two other officers while she was attacked.

“These officers made hateful comments, including that Indians are ‘worth nothing but drink alcohol and go to jail,’” according to a complaint.

Other claimants were harassed because of their immigration status, according to the complaints. One undocumented woman was told she would be deported if she did not engage in sexual acts with a correctional officer, according to the complaints. Others were forced to perform sexual acts in front of officers and have sex with other inmates, according to the new complaints.

“This horrific abuse continues to happen here in the Bay Area, even during and after officers are convicted,” Emily Shapiro, a member of the California Coalition for Women Prisoners, which has filed lawsuits on behalf of inmates, said in a statement. .

Jack Beg research contributed.

Shortly after Gov. Kathy Hochul announced Wednesday that hundreds of National Guard soldiers would be deployed to patrol the New York City subway system and check passengers’ bags, her office made an adjustment: Soldiers who searched bags would not be allowed to carry long weapons.

The change, that was first reported by The Daily News, was ordered by Ms. Hochul on Wednesday for implementation on Thursday, a spokesman for the governor said. Ms. Hochul issued a directive that National Guard members would be prohibited from carrying long weapons at bag check stations, he said. Soldiers who did not work at the stations would probably be allowed to wear them.

Donna Lieberman, executive director of the New York Civil Liberties Union, called the ban on long guns at bag checkpoints a “relief” but said the Guard’s underground presence remained “an unnecessary overreaction based on fear, not facts.” .

“Putting military personnel on the subway will not make New Yorkers feel safe,” Ms. Lieberman said. “It will unfortunately create a perfect storm for tension, escalation and further criminalization of black and brown New Yorkers.”

The first images of the National Guard deployment showed soldiers standing at turnstiles in the underground system, wearing camouflage and military gear and holding long rifles.

Ms. Hochul, a Democrat, said the move to flood the system with reinforcements — 750 members of the New York National Guard and another 250 personnel from the state police and the Metropolitan Transportation Authority — would make commuters and visitors feel safe.

Subway safety, an ongoing concern for New Yorkers, has been a challenging issue for public officials, who can be as sensitive to the perception that public transportation is dangerous as they are to an actual increase in crime.

In February, following a 45 percent spike in major crimes in the first month of the year compared to the same period last year, Mayor Eric Adams ordered an additional 1,000 police officers across the subway system. According to city data, reported crime rates in the system fell that month, and the overall increase in major crimes for the year beginning March 3 was 13 percent, police data shows.

Ms. Hochul’s announcement this week drew criticism from government officials and some members of her own party.

Jumaane N. Williams, the city’s public advocate, warned that the plan would “criminalize the public on public transportation.” Emily Gallagher, a representative and democratic socialist from Brooklyn, said that is Mrs. Hochul’s move was a “ham-fisted and authoritarian response” that validated “GOP propaganda about urban lawlessness in an election year.”

John Chell, chief of patrol for the police department, cited recent statistics indicating that transit crime had decreased.

“Our transit system is not a ‘war zone’!” He wrote on X.

A helicopter carrying National Guard members and a Border Patrol agent crashed Friday in south Texas near the border with Mexico, killing three passengers and seriously injuring the fourth, officials said.

The helicopter, which crashed at 2:50 p.m., was a UH-72 Lakota, Joint Task Force North said in a statement. Two of the dead were soldiers, and the third was a Border Patrol agent, the report said.

The helicopter was patrolling the border and tracking people entering the United States illegally when it crashed in an open field, said Eloy Vera, the Starr County judge and the county’s top local official. He said he was notified of the crash around 7:30 p.m. by the county sheriff’s office, which later provided him with more details. There was no one on the ground where the helicopter crashed, Judge Vera said.

The sheriff’s office said in a statement that it assisted with a helicopter crash in eastern Starr County that could have involved four people.

Three of the people on board were men and one was a woman, Judge Vera said, adding that the Border Patrol agent was stationed in Rio Grande City.

Joint Task Force North and Judge Vera said they did not want to share the names of the victims because their families had not been notified.

The Department of Homeland Security, National Guard, Customs and Border Protection and Texas Department of Public Safety did not comment.

This is a development story.

Emily Schmall reporting contributed.

Shortly after Governor Kathy Hochul announced she would deploy hundreds of National Guard and State Police members to help conduct bag checks on the New York City subway system, questions began to arise about how the plan would work.

How long will the National Guard do this? Is there a violation of rights? What happens if you refuse to have your bag checked?

Here are some answers to those questions:

Can you say no to a bag check?

Yes. Under the Fourth Amendment, which guarantees the right to be protected from unreasonable searches and seizures, a rider can refuse a bag search if police do not have reasonable suspicion that the rider has done something illegal or is carrying a weapon.

On Thursday, Ms. Hochul appeared several times on news shows to explain the initiative. The National Guard and state police, she said, would assist city police officers in checking bags for weapons at the “busiest” stations.

‘This is not a punishment’ she said during an interview on MSNBC. “This is more of a deterrent.”

But she also warned that passengers who refuse to consent to baggage checks would be forced to leave the system.

“Go home,” Ms. Hochul said on Fox 5 New York. ‘We’re not going to search you. You can say no, but you don’t take the subway.”

New York police have been randomly checking bags for nearly two decades, under a program that began after a July 2005 attack in London in which terrorists detonated bombs on three subway trains and a bus, killing 52 people arrived and more than 700 others were injured.

At the Port Authority subway station, police occasionally pull people aside to check their bags, said Tom Harris, a former police inspector and chairman of the Times Square Alliance, a business group.

“I would consider this like any other control on the transportation system,” he said. “Look at the airport. No one is confused about being searched because he or she wants a safe journey.”

But Chris Dunn, the legal director of the New York Civil Liberties Union, said he did not believe it was legal to make submitting to a bag search a condition of riding the subway.

The organization sued the city in 2005 to stop bag checks. A year later, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit ruled that the program was an exception to the Fourth Amendment because it could help prevent terrorist attacks.

However, Ms. Hochul’s plan is not a measure against terrorism, Mr. Dunn said.

Her plan is “a conventional crime-fighting strategy,” he said. “They can’t do these types of searches without probable cause or a search warrant. That is well established.”

Mr. Dunn argued that if the state could cite crime as a reason to conduct such subway searches, it could use the same justification to search the bags of people walking down the street.

He added that if a passenger’s bag was searched and found to contain something illegal, such as drugs, that person could be arrested but could then challenge the arrest on the grounds that he or she felt pressured felt to consent to the search. enter the subway.

“Everyone will make their own decision about how important their principles or their privacy is to them,” Mr Dunn said. “But if we start giving up bits of privacy in this way, it’s a very dangerous slope.”

When and where will the National Guard be present?

Some have wondered why the National Guard is being deployed if there is no clear threat of terrorism and if crime on trains is not increasing.

But the troops have previously been used to patrol major transportation hubs in New York City. Security guards regularly patrol Grand Central Terminal, Pennsylvania Station and the Port Authority Bus Terminal. After the October 7 attacks on Israel, they were sent to patrol the subway while officials watched for any threats.

Now, Guard members will be deployed to “key transit hubs” throughout the subway system in an effort to supplement police presence, Ms. Hochul further said. Fox 5 on Thursday. The reinforcements, including additional transit police, will be placed “close to the turnstiles,” she said.

“We are going to take strong action,” she said. ‘There is no search and frisking. There is no stop and frisk. There is no profiling. All this is a deterrent.”

The National Guard — operating in each of the nation’s 50 states, territories and the District of Columbia — is unique within the nation’s military because soldiers typically report to governors.

The New York Army National Guard, with approximately 10,400 soldiers, is a federal reserve force that reports to the governor when not federally mobilized. It is part of the New York State Division of Military and Naval Affairs, which has a total of nearly 20,000 personnel. according to the state.

Guard members can be deployed by governors in many different capacities. At the start of the coronavirus pandemic, National Guard members were deployed across the country to help check temperatures, provide resources to communities devastated by the virus and later to help staff vaccination clinics.

Recently, Ms. Hochul deployed the state National Guard to assist with the city and state response to the migrant crisis. Until September the The state has deployed about 2,000 Guard members to support migrant shelters across the state, including by staffing hotels and emergency response centers in New York City.

The Posse Comitatus Act, passed in 1878, prohibits the use of the army or air force as a domestic police force in most circumstances. However, members of the National Guard are “rarely covered by the Posse Comitatus Act because they usually report to the governor of their state or territory.” according to the Brennan Center for Justicean impartial think tank.

Unless Guard members are called into federal service, they are “free to participate in law enforcement as consistent with state law,” the group said.

In a statement, the governor’s office said the National Guard has no authority to make arrests, but that if there were an “imminent threat,” Guard members could assist law enforcement in detaining a suspect.

Is this the right strategy? How long will it stay that way?

Ms Hochul would not say how long the deployment would last.

The aim is to help police prevent violent crime on the subway, where there have been three murders so far this year and several brutal attacks, including the non-fatal stabbing of a conductor last month and an attack Wednesday on a conductor who was hit with a glass bottle as she left a station in the Bronx.

“I’m not going to tell the criminals the day I stop doing this because they’ll be back the next day,” Ms. Hochul said on MSNBC.

Riders Alliance, a public transportation advocacy group, questioned the strategy of placing more armed personnel at stations.

The deployment is part of a five-point plan that would also provide $20 million to fund 10 teams of mental health workers who would help people in crisis in the metro. The perception of danger in the subway system has been inspired in part by several high-profile episodes in which mentally ill homeless people apparently attacked passengers at random.

But Danny Pearlstein, a spokesman for Riders Alliance, asked: What is the standing plan to help homeless people sleeping in subway cars at night?

“People with mental illness and people who are homeless are the most vulnerable in the metro because they are always there,” he said.

Ellen Goldstein, a policy analyst who rides the F train from Brooklyn to Times Square almost every day, said she doesn’t worry much about her personal safety on the train.

Her concerns, she said, are centered on the “disorder” she sees in train cars: beggars, vendors — often migrants — trying to sell candy to passengers, and people sprawled out on the seats, sleeping.

“The subway acts as a shelter,” Ms. Goldstein, 57, said. “I don’t think checking people’s bags is really where we need resources.”

The day after Gov. Kathy Hochul announced a plan to deploy National Guard soldiers and state police troops to the New York City subway system, commuters expressed mixed feelings about whether the extra vigilance would make them feel safer.

Some people welcomed the move Thursday, while others said they were skeptical about the need for more law enforcement and worried about armed soldiers checking their bags.

A pair of National Guard troops carrying rifles walked down the inclined corridor between the Fulton Street and World Trade Center subway stations in lower Manhattan late Thursday morning, past the gelato stand where Aileen Morales works.

Ms. Morales, 31, who commutes there by subway from her home in the Bronx, said she had developed a “poker face” for her commute over the past two years as a form of self-protection. She welcomed the extra security in a system that felt unsafe to her.

“You don’t know who’s coming on the train now,” Ms. Morales said. “That’s the scary part.”

Her colleague, Jim Lozada, 29, agreed, saying an agitated man punched him in the ribs on the subway last year after asking the man to stop pushing other commuters.

Ms. Morales was less enthusiastic about the idea of ​​having her bags randomly searched by troops, calling it “a kind of invasion of privacy.” But she sounded resigned to the possibility.

“I mean, if that’s what it takes, then so be it,” she said.

Officials are grappling with the perception that the system is dangerous, even as crime rates in the metro fell last year. The number of major crimes in the transit system then rose in January, before falling again in February.

In her announcement on Wednesday, Ms Hochul described the law enforcement surge as something that would make commuters and visitors feel safer. Under her plan, 750 members of the New York National Guard and another 250 personnel from the state police and the Metropolitan Transportation Authority would be spread throughout the transit system.

They will join what is already a large group of New York Police Department officers stationed in the subways, where Mayor Eric Adams ordered another 1,000 officers last month.

Ms. Hochul said Wednesday that the National Guard would focus in part on keeping weapons out of the subway system.

But the system is huge, with 472 stations and thousands of train cars in service at all hours of the day. The guardsmen’s presence was not immediately apparent Thursday: State officials said they would be deployed throughout the system over the course of about a week.

While waiting for a train at the Atlantic Avenue-Barclays Center Station in Brooklyn, Jeremy Sorese, a 35-year-old painter, described the plan as “a waste of resources.”

“It feels very scary without actually telling us why it’s happening, this kind of specter,” Mr. Sorese said.

Mr. Sorese acknowledged that dangerous incidents occur on the subway and said he was pushed onto the tracks in 2019. But the police were not helpful when it happened, he said – it was his fellow passengers who pulled him to safety.

Nate Santos, 36, of Brooklyn, said he would dodge the soldiers to avoid a bag check.

“It’s not like I’m hiding anything,” said Mr. Santos, who works as a brand director for a financing company. “I just don’t want people going through my stuff. So I would probably change my routes or take another mode of transportation.”

Camille Baker, Liset Cruz, Eliza Fawcett, Erin Nolan And Sean Piccoli reporting contributed.

Governor Kathy Hochul said Wednesday she would deploy National Guard soldiers and state police officers to the New York City subway system, where they will patrol platforms and help check bags.

Ms Hochul said a major show of force in the system, which is run by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, a government agency, would make commuters and visitors to the city feel safe.

Additional law enforcement officers would add to an already heavy presence in the metros, where Mayor Eric Adams ordered an additional 1,000 officers in February after a 45 percent increase in crime in January compared to the same time last year.

Ms. Hochul said she would deploy 1,000 members of the authority, state police and National Guard to “conduct baggage checks at the city’s busiest stations.”

“These blatant, heinous attacks on our subway system will not be tolerated,” Ms. Hochul said at a news conference, referring to a number of recent high-profile attacks.

There will be 750 members of the New York National Guard and another 250 personnel from the State Police and the MTA

They will work with the New York Police Department to ensure that no weapons are brought onto the subway.

“No one going to work, visiting family or going to a doctor’s appointment should have to worry that the person sitting next to them possesses a deadly weapon,” she said.

Still, the deployment comes as overall statistics show a bleaker picture of crime in the metro, where there have been three murders and several brutal attacks since January. including the stabbing of a transit worker on February 29, have once again raised questions about the safety of public transport in the city.

This is a developing story and will be updated.

Richard Abath, a night watchman whose decision to allow two thieves disguised as Boston police officers into the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in 1990 enabled the largest art theft in history – and one that remains unsolved – died on February 23 in his house in Brattleboro, Vt. He was 57.

His attorney, George F. Gormley, confirmed the death but did not provide a cause.

Located in Boston’s Fenway neighborhood, the Gardner Museum is one of the country’s premier private art museums, home to its namesake owner’s vast collection of paintings, sculpture, and historical artifacts.

Mr. Abath was not a professional security guard: at a time when museums were considerably lax with their security, he was a recent music school dropout who took on the job to help with bills while he focused on his band, a Grateful Dead inspired outfit called Ukia.

By his own admission, he occasionally came to the museum drunk or high, and he said he once let some of his friends into the museum after hours for a party.

The robbery took place around 1 a.m. on March 18, 1990, the day after the beer-soaked revelry of St. Patrick’s Day. Mr. Abath stood at the museum’s security desk; he insisted he was sober.

The other guard on duty had just finished a tour of the museum’s galleries when the two men came to the door, identified themselves as members of the Boston Police Department and said they were there to investigate reports of a disturbance. Mr. Abath allowed the thieves into the museum’s vestibule.

“There they were, two of Boston’s best standing there waving at me through the glass,” he wrote in an unpublished memoir about the robbery, parts of which appeared in The Boston Globe. “Hats, jackets, badges, they looked like cops.”

One of the men asked Mr. Abath to come out from behind the desk so they could see if he matched the description of a suspect. As soon as he did, they forced him to face the wall and handcuffed him.

He soon realized something was wrong; the men had not searched him. And he was now a few feet away from the museum’s only panic button, behind the desk.

When the other guard returned, the men handcuffed him too. They then covered the guards’ eyes with duct tape and tied them up in different parts of the basement.

Over the next hour and a half, the thieves stole more than a dozen works of art, including pieces by Edgar Degas, Rembrandt van Rijn, Édouard Manet and Peter Paul Rubens, and cut the works from their natural wooden frames. They also took an ancient Chinese cup and a bronze eagle finial from a Napoleonic-era flagpole.

But the men left behind several valuable works, raising questions about their level of aesthetic sophistication. Still, as thieves they knew what they were doing: they took several tapes from the museum’s security cameras that allegedly showed them working in the galleries.

All told, they took some $500 million in art, the equivalent of $1.2 billion today, making it by far the largest art theft in history.

Suspicion immediately turned to Mr Abath. City and federal investigators focused on key details, such as the coincidence that the thieves arrived so soon after the second guard left to make the rounds. A video camera outside the museum showed Mr. Abath briefly opening a side door shortly before the robbery.

Mr. Abath maintained his innocence for the rest of his life, and was never named as an official suspect. He said he regularly opened the side door to make sure it was locked and that although museum protocol prohibited him from letting anyone in outside of business hours, there was no risk that the visitors would be uniformed police officers.

“You know, most of the guards were older or students,” he told NPR in 2015. “No one there was able to deal with real criminals.”

Richard Edward Abath was born on May 24, 1966 in Wilmington, Del. His father, Walter Abath, was an engineer for Dow, and his mother, Madeline (McKenna) Abath, was a librarian.

Mr. Abath attended Berklee College of Music in Boston, but left before completing his studies.

He married Diana Hampton in 2006. She survives him, along with his sister, Kathy Buterbaugh; his brother, Jim Abath; and two children from a previous relationship.

He moved to Vermont in 1999 and earned a bachelor’s degree from Union Institute & University, an online institution based in Cincinnati. He later worked as a teacher’s assistant at a public school.

Mr Abath tried to stay out of the spotlight after the robbery, but incidental developments in the case led to renewed scrutiny of his role.

In 2015, the FBI released security footage from the night of the robbery. It showed a car driving into the museum and a man with his collar turned up approaching the front door. Mr. Abath let him in.

The news media and law enforcement touted the tapes as a major twist in the case, and Mr. Abath, who had since moved to Vermont, was interviewed again by authorities. But the mysterious visitor turned out to be the museum’s deputy director of security.

“I don’t just want to be remembered for this,” he told NPR. ‘But they say it’s half a billion worth of works of art. And ultimately, I’m the one who made the decision to involve them. It’s something most people don’t have to deal with. It’s like doing penance. It’s always there.”