2,500-year-old Egyptian astronomical observatory discovered in Egypt
Archaeologists have discovered a 2,500-year-old astronomical observatory in Buto, Egypt, believed to be the largest of its kind from the sixth century B.C.E. The discovery was made during an excavation of a temple complex dedicated to Wadjet, the patron goddess of Lower Egypt. The observatory, which covers a quarter-acre (850 square meters), contains a variety of tools and structures used by ancient Egyptian astronomers to track the movements of the sun and stars.
The Temple of Buto and its significance
The observatory was part of a larger mud-brick temple complex now known as the Temple of Buto. report (translated from Arabic) notes that this temple was originally named after the goddess Wadjet, and was an important site at a time when Egypt was experiencing political unrest. The era was marked by the transition to the late phase of pharaonic power, a period in which foreign rulers began to ascend the throne. The temple’s observatory was probably used to observe and record astronomical events, which had both religious and practical importance in ancient Egyptian society.
One of the notable finds at the site is a sloping stone sundial, which was used to measure time based on the position of the sun. The temple itself was oriented to the east, the direction of the rising sun, indicating its importance for solar observations. Inside the building, archaeologists discovered three stone blocks that were likely used to measure the location of the sun. Another set of five flat limestone blocks, mounted on long slabs, had sloping lines that were used to measure the angles of the sun’s rays and monitor their movement throughout the day.
Additional discoveries and historical context
The archaeological team also discovered what appears to be a stone watchtower, a platform in a large hall with records of sunrises and sunsets and other inscriptions relating to time and astronomy. The hall was decorated with images of gods associated with the sky, including Horus, who was often depicted as a falcon. Horus, the son of Wadjet, is symbolized by the sun or morning star Venus in one eye and the moon or evening star in the other. This imagery underscores the temple’s role in both religious and astronomical practices.
Significance of the findings
The discovery of this ancient observatory offers a glimpse into the advanced astronomical knowledge of the ancient Egyptians. The temple’s association with Wadjet, a deity symbolizing the protection of Lower Egypt, highlights the intersection of religious belief and scientific inquiry in ancient Egyptian culture. Smaller artifacts found at the site, including bead necklaces, amphora lids, and pottery, provide further insight into the daily life and rituals of the temple’s residents.
This discovery at Buto is a significant contribution to our understanding of ancient Egyptian astronomy and the broader cultural practices of the time. As excavations continue, archaeologists expect to uncover even more details about how ancient Egyptians observed and interpreted the heavens.
