Are synthetic food dyes harmful to children? This is what the science says

Synthetic food colorings are used in processed foods to improve color, but have no nutritional value or preservative. These dyes are commonly found in snacks, drinks and breakfast cereals and are labeled by color and number, such as ‘Red 40’ or ‘Yellow 5’. They are mainly found in foods marketed for children. Without clear labeling requirements in the US, consumers often face challenges identifying which products contain these additives.

Recent developments in California

California recently took a unique step by passing the California School Food Safety Act. This legislation, which will take effect in 2028, will ban specific synthetic dyes from public school foods. This move is in response to studies associating certain synthetic dyes with behavioral effects in children, including problems with focus and increased hyperactivity. The California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment reviewed 25 clinical studies involving synthetic dyes, with findings pointing to a possible link between consumption and behavioral changes.

Federal position on food dyes

In contrast to California’s approach, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has maintained its approval for synthetic food colorings, saying current evidence does not demonstrate a direct causal effect on behavior. Although research has shown associations, the FDA’s position remains unchanged, indicating that the available data do not meet the threshold for regulatory action. This difference in guidelines has led to regulatory discrepancy, with varying state and federal perspectives on food dyes.

Research and the wider debate

The debate surrounding synthetic dyes has become increasingly important studies indicate possible health consequences. Some research suggests a link between food dyes and neurobehavioral problems, especially in children. The lack of conclusive research has made it difficult to establish firmer guidelines. Animal studies have shown neurological effects from exposure to certain dyes, although translating these findings to human nutrition remains complex.

Prospects for food coloring regulation

With California setting a new precedent, there is a possibility that other states may reconsider their policies. Advocacy groups and public health experts are increasingly calling for standardized guidelines to help consumers make informed choices. Until regulations are aligned, consumers are encouraged to check product labels for mentions of synthetic colorants if they wish to avoid these additives.