Aborted – USMAIL24.COM https://usmail24.com News Portal from USA Fri, 22 Mar 2024 12:29:11 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=6.4.4 https://usmail24.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Untitled-design-1-100x100.png Aborted – USMAIL24.COM https://usmail24.com 32 32 195427244 Watch Putin’s Space Rocket Launch Aborted in Seconds https://usmail24.com/watch-putin-space-rocket-aborted/ https://usmail24.com/watch-putin-space-rocket-aborted/#respond Fri, 22 Mar 2024 12:29:11 +0000 https://usmail24.com/watch-putin-space-rocket-aborted/

THIS is the nerve-wracking moment Vladimir Putin’s manned space rocket launch was aborted within seconds. The Russian Soyuz spacecraft was almost ready to take off towards the International Space Station when a technical problem set off alarm bells. 6 The Russian Soyuz spacecraft was almost ready for departure to the International Space Station.Credit: East2West 6 […]

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THIS is the nerve-wracking moment Vladimir Putin’s manned space rocket launch was aborted within seconds.

The Russian Soyuz spacecraft was almost ready to take off towards the International Space Station when a technical problem set off alarm bells.

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The Russian Soyuz spacecraft was almost ready for departure to the International Space Station.Credit: East2West
Just seconds before takeoff, the mission was aborted when smoke billowed from the rocket

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Just seconds before takeoff, the mission was aborted when smoke billowed from the rocketCredit: East2West
Video showed the three crew members strapped in, ready for the mission

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Video showed the three crew members strapped in, ready for the missionCredit: East2West

Smoke could be seen billowing from beneath the rocket as it prepared to blast into space, with personnel having already evacuated the area.

But with just 20 seconds to go, it was announced that “an automatic launch abort has been initiated.”

The technical glitch was spotted with seconds remaining in the launch capsule, prompting space chiefs to immediately pull the plug on the mission.

The three-man crew – two women and one man – were safely evacuated from the rocket, narrowly avoiding disaster.

“The reason was a voltage drop in the chemical power source,” said Yuri Borisov, head of the Russian space agency.

“The automation worked during launch control and prevented the spacecraft’s systems from malfunctioning.

“The crew is safe, left the rocket and went to take off their spacesuits.”

The explosion has now been moved to Saturday afternoon.

The crew included NASA astronaut Tracy Dyson, 54, along with Belarus’ first female cosmonaut, Marina Vasilevskaya, 33.

Vasilevskaya is normally a flight attendant for Belavia airline and flies on Boeing and Embraer aircraft.

Watch the moment Japan’s space rocket explodes in massive fireball moments after takeoff in a failed satellite launch

Before that, she was a professional ballroom dancer for 15 years.

The commander is Russian cosmonaut Oleg Novitsky, 52.

“Colleagues, the space is like this and the situation is very understandable,” said Borisov, who spoke to Belarusian dictator Alexander Lukashenko to explain why Vasilevskaya was still on the ground.

But the aborted launch is highly unusual.

In the history of modern Russia, manned launches have never been canceled while the crew was already in a spacecraft, TASS news agency reported.

In the USSR this happened only once, when the launch of the Soyuz-4, manned by cosmonaut Vladimir Shatalov, was aborted in 1969.

However, in 2018, a rocket functioned and shot into space at a speed of 7,790 km/hour.

Two astronauts miraculously survived an emergency landing after the rocket boosters of Russia’s Soyuz MS-10 failed at 160,000 feet shortly after takeoff from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan.

Russia’s latest rocket launch comes after plans were announced jointly with China to place a nuclear reactor on the moon within ten years.

With the space race intensifying, the two countries hope to install the unit by 2035.

Putin would also like to put his own space station in the sky.

The former spy said in October that the first segment of Russia’s new space station should be fully operational in 2027.

But a bombshell warning from US intelligence last month suggested that Russia could be planning to launch a satellite-destroying weapon armed with a nuclear bomb into space.

Mad despot Putin has already tested orbital weapons designed to destroy Western equipment, such as the Cosmos 2543 anti-satellite weapon.

Whatever happens, Putin hopes his next space launch will be more successful than last year’s Russian Luna-25 disaster.

The country’s first moon mission in fifty years ended in catastrophic failure when Putin’s robotic spacecraft went out of control and crashed.

The 800 kg Luna-25 probe was shattered into pieces when it crashed onto the surface from space.

The crew surrounded the rocket for last-minute checks prior to takeoff

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The crew surrounded the rocket for last-minute checks prior to takeoffCredit: East2West
The launch to the International Space Station has now been moved to Saturday

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The launch to the International Space Station has now been moved to SaturdayCredit: East2West
An alternate angle of the launch as astronauts prepared for liftoff

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An alternate angle of the launch as astronauts prepared for liftoffCredit: East2West

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Rochdale grooming gang: The girl kept in a cage and made to act like a dog, a 15-year-old raped and killed with heroin injection from an abuser and an aborted foetus kept in a freezer by police https://usmail24.com/rochdale-grooming-gang-victims-horror-stories-fatal-injection-htmlns_mchannelrssns_campaign1490ito1490/ https://usmail24.com/rochdale-grooming-gang-victims-horror-stories-fatal-injection-htmlns_mchannelrssns_campaign1490ito1490/#respond Mon, 15 Jan 2024 15:17:41 +0000 https://usmail24.com/rochdale-grooming-gang-victims-horror-stories-fatal-injection-htmlns_mchannelrssns_campaign1490ito1490/

A teenage girl who died from a heroin injection, an aborted foetus taken by police without the mother’s knowledge and another child made to act like a dog in a cage are just some of the horror stories brought about by Rochdale’s grooming gangs. Dozens of young girls were targeted, abused and raped by gangs […]

The post Rochdale grooming gang: The girl kept in a cage and made to act like a dog, a 15-year-old raped and killed with heroin injection from an abuser and an aborted foetus kept in a freezer by police appeared first on USMAIL24.COM.

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A teenage girl who died from a heroin injection, an aborted foetus taken by police without the mother’s knowledge and another child made to act like a dog in a cage are just some of the horror stories brought about by Rochdale’s grooming gangs.

Dozens of young girls were targeted, abused and raped by gangs of mainly Asian men between 2004 and 2012 in the Greater Manchester town, with police and council bosses failing to investigate credible evidence.

A new report published today revealed the plight faced by the girls who were the subject of this abuse and the struggle they faced to be believed, as well as the harassment when they gave evidence against their abusers.

The damning dossier, which has identified 96 men who are still deemed a potential risk to children, has sparked calls from whistleblowers that there is ‘categorically’ still grooming taking place in the town.

The report makes for distressing reading, revealing the heartbreaking stories of just some of the victims of the depraved gangs of men, many of whom are yet to be brought to justice for their crimes.

It also emerged today that:

  • A pair of ‘lone voices’ had flagged clear evidence of ‘prolific serial rape of countless children in Rochdale’ which wasn’t acted upon
  • Many abusers continue to walk free, with 96 men identified as a potential risk to children;
  • Abuse is ‘categorically’ still happening in Rochdale, a detective-turned-campaigner said;
  • Mayor of Greater Manchester Andy Burnham apologised for the ‘detailed and distressing’ 

Victoria Agoglia (pictured), 15, died of a heroin overdose after being injected with the drug by an older man

Shabir Ahmed, a ringleader of a Rochdale child sex grooming gang who forced his victims to call him 'Daddy', was jailed for a total of 41 years for multiple rapes and sexual offences against children

Shabir Ahmed, a ringleader of a Rochdale child sex grooming gang who forced his victims to call him ‘Daddy’, was jailed for a total of 41 years for multiple rapes and sexual offences against children

Among the cases touched upon on in the report is the tragic death of 15-year-old Victoria Agoglia, who passed away after taking a heroin overdose in 2003.

In a letter sent to police, the girl revealed how she was sleeping with ‘people older’ than her and ‘ half of them I don’t even know their names. I am a slag.’

She went on: ‘I think it I did it just to impress the boys and they treated me like ****. All the things I lost for drugs. Boys, my family, I lost all of that.’

Vulnerable Victoria, who ran away from her terraced home 21 times in the space of two months in the lead-up to her death, had been raped and was known by her carers to be used for sex by older men in exchange for cash, alcohol and hard drugs.

In September 2003 she visited the home of a 50-year-old Asian man – Mohammed Yaqoob – who injected her with heroin. She died in hospital five days later. He was later jailed for three and half years for injecting her with a noxious substance after being cleared of manslaughter.

Maggie Oliver, a former detective who resigned from Greater Manchester Police to go public with her views on grooming gangs, revealed the letter Victoria wrote was included in a police report which was never acted on.

Ms Oliver wrote the report, which even started with a picture of Victoria and her letter in a bid to highlight her case, after launching Operation Augusta in 2004 which set out to investigate the Rochdale child abuse ring.

But shockingly the investigation was quietly shelved by police bosses while Ms Oliver was on a three-month break.

It wasn’t until eight years later that the beasts behind the operation which saw girls plied with alcohol and drugs before being used as sex slaves came to justice. 

A report into Rochdale's grooming gangs has said officials committed a 'serious failure to protect children'. Pictured: A view of Whitworth Road in Rochdale, where one gang used a flat to abuse girls

A report into Rochdale’s grooming gangs has said officials committed a ‘serious failure to protect children’. Pictured: A view of Whitworth Road in Rochdale, where one gang used a flat to abuse girls

Abdul Qayyum, 44, known as 'Tiger', who was found guilty of conspiracy

Taxi driver Abdul Aziz, 41, known as 'The Master' who was found guilty of conspiracy and trafficking for sexual exploitation

Grooming gang members Abdul Qayyum (left) and Abdul Aziz (right) were jailed in 2012 for abusing children

While the new report focused on events taking place from a year after Victoria’s death, it concluded that lessons were not learned from her death or the resulting Operation Augusta, in which just two of almost 100 suspects were jailed. 

That was despite an investigation into her death revealing 57 victims of grooming gangs, some as young as 12 years old.

One case highlighted by the report is that of Child 44, a teenage girl who had an abortion after being abused at the age of 13 in 2009.

It was revealed that Greater Manchester Police (GMP) secretly took the foetus and performed a DNA test on it to try and link it to possible suspects.

However, when no matches came up, it was left in a freezer at Rochdale police station and was only found when it was uncovered in a ‘routine property review’.

The girl who had the abortion would only find out in 2011 that it had been taken by the police, with the moment she found out emotionally being reenacted in the BBC drama ‘Three Girls’.

She told the authors of the 173-page report that police had ‘robbed’ her of her unborn child and said it was ‘disgusting’ police had done so without her consent.

In the meantime she had continued to be abused by a grooming gang and at one point was even at risk of being taken to Pakistan by them.

A trial involving the men who abused her eventually took place in 2012, but the girl would find out in the lead-up to this that the man who got her pregnant was not to be charged with her rape. 

He was instead jailed for eight years for conspiracy and trafficking for sexual exploitation, allowing him to be released four years into his sentence, reports the Guardian.

The heartbreaking stories of some of the victims of the Rochdale grooming gangs were portrayed in BBC drama 'Three Girls'. Pictured: A promotional photo for the programme

The heartbreaking stories of some of the victims of the Rochdale grooming gangs were portrayed in BBC drama ‘Three Girls’. Pictured: A promotional photo for the programme

Jahn Shahid Ghani was sentenced to 20 years imprisonment for six counts of sexual assault and one count of causing a child to engage in sexual activity last year

Mohammed Ghani was sentenced to 14 years for five counts of sexual assault last year

Rochdale child abusers Jahn Shahid Ghani (left) and Mohammed Ghani (right) were both jailed last year

Insar Hussain was sentenced to 17 years for one count of rape and two counts of sexual assault last year

Ali Kazmi was sentenced to eight years for one count of rape and two counts of sexual intercourse with a child last year

Insar Hussain (left) and Ali Kazmi (right) were also both jailed last year for raping children in Rochdale

The report considered claims by Maggie Oliver, former Detective Constable involved with the first large-scale investigation into grooming in Rochdale, Operation Span, launched in 2010. Pictured: Ms Oliver at her home in Cheshire

The report considered claims by Maggie Oliver, former Detective Constable involved with the first large-scale investigation into grooming in Rochdale, Operation Span, launched in 2010. Pictured: Ms Oliver at her home in Cheshire

Things got worse for Child 44, as she reported being threatened by a man with a gun before the trial and being harassed and abused on the street by supporters of the men who raped and abused her.

The girl, who even bumped into her abuser in a supermarket after he was released from prison without her being informed, said police told her to just ‘lock your door’ when she asked for help about the harassment.

Another girl who also gave evidence against her abusers reported that her house was ‘trashed, with slag and grass written across the wall’, while her shed was burned down and chickens killed in a campaign of harassment.

The damning dossier also claims that no action was taken against a ‘pimp’ who got a 15-year-old girl pregnant, while another child claimed she was kept locked in cages and made to act like a dog or baby, with again, no action being taken against the men allegedly involved.

The report is the third of four written by child protection specialist Malcolm Newsam CBE and former senior police officer Gary Ridgway – and saw apologies this morning from Greater Manchester Mayor Andy Burnham, Greater Manchester Police and Rochdale Council.

The authors previously led a review of Operation Augusta, an investigation into grooming gangs in South Manchester, which was published in 2020, and the review into child safeguarding practices in Oldham, published in 2022.

It followed criticism of failings within Rochdale Council and Greater Manchester Police aired in BBC documentary, Betrayed Girls.

The report considered claims by Sara Rowbotham, co-ordinator of a young people’s Crisis Intervention Team, and Maggie Oliver, former Detective Constable involved with the first large-scale investigation into grooming in Rochdale, Operation Span, launched in 2010.

It found that the pair of ‘lone voices’ had flagged clear evidence of ‘prolific serial rape of countless children in Rochdale’ but that this was not acted upon, with the children’s unwillingness to make a formal complaint repeatedly used as an excuse for not investigating.

Mr Newsam, lead author, said: ‘GMP and Rochdale Council failed to prioritise the protection of children who were being sexually exploited by a significant number of men within the Rochdale area.

‘This review was initiated following the serious allegations made by both Maggie Oliver and Sara Rowbotham and we have found through this review their allegations to be substantiated.

‘Both GMP and Rochdale Council failed to respond appropriately to these concerns.

Andy Burnham, the Mayor of Greater Manchester, called the report 'a detailed and distressing account of how many young people were so seriously failed'. Pictured: Mr Burnham at the funeral of Everton chairman Bill Kenwright on December 18 last year

Andy Burnham, the Mayor of Greater Manchester, called the report ‘a detailed and distressing account of how many young people were so seriously failed’. Pictured: Mr Burnham at the funeral of Everton chairman Bill Kenwright on December 18 last year

‘Successive police operations were launched over this period, but these were insufficiently resourced to match the scale of the widespread organised exploitation.

Conclusions of the Rochdale grooming gang review

  • The emerging threat of child sexual exploitation was not addressed between 2004 and 2007.
  • In 2007, GMP and Rochdale Council declined to investigate how a group of Asian men had been exploiting 11 children for sex and dealing class A drugs despite concern by the Crisis Intervention Team, in a ‘serious failure to protect these children’.
  • Just one detective was appointed to begin a small-scale police investigation in 2007, which did not investigate how organised crime groups were involved. No charges or convictions resulted.
  • The first investigation in 2008 and 2009 – launched after a girl arrested for smashing up a takeaway revealed she had been raped and sexually assaulted – ‘was complex and needed to be resourced accordingly, but additional resources were not provided’. Although the investigation ‘identified widespread sexual exploitation of many vulnerable children by at least 30 adult perpetrators’, none were charged.
  • A second girl who spoke to the 2008/2009 investigation team complained of sexual assault but ‘insufficient effort was put into identifying the man who raped her’. Had her complaints been ‘pursued with the rigour required it may have strengthened the evidence to proceed with the prosecution’, the review said.
  • Operation Span, the second investigation into the 2008/9 accusations, which saw nine men convicted and jailed in May 2012, was described as ‘relatively limited’.
  • Authorities committed a ‘deplorable’ failure to protect a girl known as ‘Amber’. She was designated a victim of child sexual abuse but the crimes were not formally recorded by GMP and the perpetrators ‘were potentially left to continue their abuse of other children. Instead, Amber was later named as a ‘co-conspirator’ in a trial of men accused of abusing other children. The review said: ‘No consideration was given to how the decision would affect Amber personally or what the repercussions of the decision might be for her family. This failure to protect a vulnerable victim as deplorable.’
  • Lessons were not learned after the death of 15-year-old Victoria Agoglia from drugs in 2003 after claiming she had been sexually abused, or the resulting Operation Augusta, a probe into child sexual exploitation in South Manchester which ended in 2005. Just two of almost 100 suspects were jailed despite an investigation into Victoria’s death revealing 57 victims of grooming gangs, some aged just 12.

‘Consequently, children were left at risk and many of their abusers to this day have not been apprehended.’

Mr Newsam and Mr Ridgway said: ‘CSE continued to be treated as a low priority and under-resourced by GMP.’

By October 2012, a review group chaired by GMP identified 127 potential victims whose cases had not been acted on – a figure which later grew to 260 potential victims.

After Operation Span, three more investigations – Operation Routh, Operation Doublet and Operation Lytton – saw 30 men convicted, many of whom received lengthy sentences.

Files held by officials for 111 children revealed ‘a significant probability that 74 of these children were being sexually exploited at that time, and in 48 of those cases, there were serious failures to protect the child’, the report revealed.

A fourth review is still to take place by Mr Newsam and Mr Ridgway, which is to ‘consider current practice across Greater Manchester to address the risk of child sexual exploitation’ and recent police investigations.

Mayor of Greater Manchester Andy Burnham called the report ‘a detailed and distressing account of how many young people were so seriously failed’.

He added: ‘That said, it fulfils the purpose of why I set up this review in the first place.

‘It is only by facing up fully and unflinchingly to what happened that we can be sure of bringing the whole system culture change needed when it comes to protecting children from abuse.’

He apologised to the victims and said: ‘We are sorry that you were so badly failed by the system that should have protected them.

‘I have asked Greater Manchester Police and Rochdale Council to ensure that every possible action is taken to follow up any leads arising from this report and to pursue any potential perpetrators.’

A series of initiatives have taken place around Rochdale since 2012, including better engagement with potential victims and a scheme encouraging hotel owners and taxi firms to report concerns.

Last year, an Ofsted report regarding Rochdale Council – including the Complex Safeguarding Hub – was published and confirmed that ‘children at risk receive an effective response’.

Rochdale Council leader Councillor Neil Emmott said the authority is ‘deeply sorry’ for the ‘very serious failures that affected the lives of children in our borough’ and how officials ‘failed to take the necessary action’.

And Greater Manchester Police Chief Constable Stephen Watson said: ‘It remains to be a matter of profound regret that victims of child sexual exploitation in Rochdale in the early 2000s were failed by Greater Manchester Police – to them, I apologise.

‘I also recognise the plight of Maggie Oliver and Sara Rowbotham – who advocated for victims and survivors when no one else did, and ultimately enabled the review and publication of this report.’

He added: ‘Since nine men were convicted following Operation Span in 2012, there have been a further 135 arrests, 432 charges, and 32 convictions (for child sex grooming).’

Ms Oliver, who resigned from Greater Manchester Police in 2012 to publicly reveal the extent of the police failings about child sexual exploitation, said she remained ‘angry’ that ‘not one senior officer or official has ever been held individually responsible for these failures, lies and cover ups’.

She said the report ‘confirms the truth of what I have been saying for over 12 years’.

Drawing a parallel with the ongoing Horizon scandal at the Post Office, she added: ‘There are so many parallels between that case and this: ‘ordinary’ people being criminalised and silenced, institutional cover ups and corruption in an effort to protect the brand whatever the cost to affected individuals, refusal to acknowledge any wrongdoing.’

She added: ‘I am also not assured that lessons have been learned. I can absolutely, categorically say that through our work today at The Maggie Oliver Foundation (a support group she founded), we see on a daily basis that victims and survivors of sexual offences are still routinely treated badly or even inhumanely, still not believed, still judged, still dismissed when they report these horrendous crimes.’

The report’s publication comes a year after an independent review into child sexual exploitation in neighbouring Oldham found the ringleader of a notorious grooming gang, Shabir Ahmed, later jailed for 22 years, was able to continue working as a welfare rights officer by Oldham Council with police failing to tell his employers even after his arrest.

It is not the first official report into child sex exploitation in Rochdale – a report in 2013 found that hundreds of young girls were allowed to fall into the hands of Asian grooming gangs because police and social workers may have been scared of seeming racist.

They refused to believe that race was an issue even though dozens of young, white girls were being specifically targeted and groomed for sex by older Pakistani men.

Children in the town of Rochdale were let down by all 17 agencies that were meant to protect them, the report said.

Police dismissed accusations of political correctness, saying the girls were targeted because they were vulnerable, not because they were white – but a review into the scandal said there was a ‘colour-blind’ approach by police and social workers that was ‘potentially dangerous’.

Timeline of the Rochdale grooming gang scandals

2008 – A 15-year-old girl reports to police she has been raped repeatedly by a gang of men, and gives details of the abuse taking place above a takeaway in Rochdale. Police arrest two members of a grooming gang – ringleader Shabir Ahmed and Kabeer Hassan.

2009 – Police find evidence that Ahmed had sex with the girl, with the older man claiming she could have swapped underwear with a different young girl he had already admitted to having sex with. Later that year a Crown Prosecution Service lawyer rules that the victim’s evidence is ‘not credible’ and decides the accused should be released without charge.

2010 – Operation Span, a new operation looking into allegations of grooming gangs in Rochdale, is launched with DC Maggie Oliver involved.

2011 – Chief prosecutor for the CPS North West, Nazir Afzal, reverses this decision and authorises charges against the pair.

2012 – His decision is vindicated when Ahmed – then 59 – and eight other men were jailed for a total of 77 years for raping and abusing up to 47 girls aged as young as 13. This sparks apologies from the police, council and CPS for failures that allowed the men to continue abusing girls for an additional two years.

2013 – Maggie Oliver resigns from Greater Manchester Police, claiming that evidence was ignored that could have convicted men who weren’t part of the nine jailed the year before.

2016 – A second group of men are sentenced to up to 25 years in prison for sexual abuse after a victim, encouraged by previous convictions, comes forward with her ordeal.

2017 – A BBC documentary titled The Betrayed Girls features whistleblowers Ms Oliver and Sara Rowbothan, who ran an NHS sexual health clinic in Rochdale, with claims about grooming gangs. Both alleged that multiple known abusers were left free to prey on a generation of girls, with grooming culture embedded in parts of the town. The same year Andy Burnham, the Mayor of Greater Manchester, orders a series of reports into how victims were protected up to 2013.

2023 – Five men are given sentences totalling more than 70 years after being found guilty of abusing two girls between 2002 and 2006.

2024 – The third of four reports into grooming gangs – and the first to focus on Rochdale – is released and points the finger at police and council bosses for failing to protect girls from their abusers.

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Cosmic Luck: NASA’s Apollo 11 Moon Quarantine Is Aborted https://usmail24.com/nasa-moon-quarantine-html/ https://usmail24.com/nasa-moon-quarantine-html/#respond Fri, 09 Jun 2023 09:10:11 +0000 https://usmail24.com/nasa-moon-quarantine-html/

When the Apollo 11 astronauts went to the moon in July 1969, NASA was concerned about their safety during the complex flight. The agency was also concerned about what the astronauts might bring. For years before Apollo 11, officials had been concerned that the moon might harbor microorganisms. What if lunar microbes survived the return […]

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When the Apollo 11 astronauts went to the moon in July 1969, NASA was concerned about their safety during the complex flight. The agency was also concerned about what the astronauts might bring.

For years before Apollo 11, officials had been concerned that the moon might harbor microorganisms. What if lunar microbes survived the return journey and caused moon fever on Earth?

To contain the possibility, NASA planned to quarantine the people, instruments, samples and space vehicles that had come into contact with lunar material.

But in an article published this month in the science history journal Isis, Dagomar Degroot, an environmental historian at Georgetown University, demonstrates that these “planetary protection” efforts were inadequate, to an extent previously not widely known.

“The quarantine protocol seemed to be a success,” concludes Dr. Degroot in the study, “only because it was not necessary.”

From the archival work of Dr. Degroot also appears that NASA officials knew about it that lunar germs could pose an existential (albeit unlikely) threat and that their lunar quarantine would probably not keep Earth safe if such a threat existed. They have oversold their ability to neutralize that threat anyway.

This space age story, claims Dr. Degroot’s paper, exemplifies the tendency in scientific projects to downplay existential risks, which are improbable and difficult to treat, in favor of focusing on smaller, more probable problems. It also provides useful lessons as NASA and other space agencies prepare to collect samples from Mars and other worlds in the solar system for study on Earth.

In the 1960s, no one knew if the moon harbored life. But scientists were so concerned that in 1964 the National Academy of Sciences held a high-level conference to discuss the Moon-Earth contamination. “They agreed that the risk was real and the consequences could be significant,” said Dr Degroot.

The scientists also agreed that quarantine for anything returning from the moon was both necessary and pointless: Humans probably couldn’t contain a microscopic threat. The best Earthlings could do was delay the release of the microbes until scientists developed a countermeasure.

Despite those conclusions, NASA publicly maintained that it could protect the planet. It has spent tens of millions of dollars on an advanced quarantine facility, the Lunar Receiving Laboratory. “But for all this beautiful complexity, there were just basic, fundamental mistakes,” said Dr. Degroot.

NASA officials knew full well that the lab was not perfect. Dr. Degroot’s paper describes many of the findings of inspections and tests that revealed glove boxes and sterilization autoclaves that burst, leaked or overflowed.

In the weeks following the return of the Apollo 11 crew, 24 workers were exposed to the lunar material from which the facility’s infrastructure was designed to protect them; they had to quarantine. The containment failures were “largely hidden from the public eye,” wrote Dr. Degroot.

Laboratory emergency procedures — such as what to do in the event of a fire or medical problem — also include breaking insulation.

“This ended up being an example of planetary protection security theater,” said Jordan Bimm, a science historian at the University of Chicago who was not involved with Dr. Degroot.

The return of the Apollo 11 astronauts to Earth also endangered the planet. For example, their vehicle was designed to self-ventilate on the way down, and the astronauts had to open their hatch into the ocean.

In a 1965 memo, a NASA official stated that the agency had a moral obligation to prevent potential contamination, even if it meant changing the weight, cost, or schedule of the mission. But four years later, upon returning to Earth, the spacecraft vented anyway and the capsule’s interior encountered the Pacific Ocean.

“If lunar organisms had been present that could reproduce in Earth’s ocean, we would have been toasted,” said John Rummel, who served two terms as NASA’s planetary protection officer.

The likelihood that such organisms did existence was very small. But the consequences if they did were huge – and the Apollo program essentially accepted them on behalf of the planet.

This tendency to downplay existential risks — prioritizing probable threats with lower consequences instead — is emerging in areas such as climate change, nuclear weapons and artificial intelligence, said Dr. Degroot.

In the Apollo mission, officials not only downplayed the risks; they were not transparent about it.

“Failure is part of learning,” said Dr. Bimm about the inadequate quarantine.

Understanding what didn’t work will be important as NASA prepares to return samples from Mars, a place much more likely than the moon to host life, in the 2030s.

NASA has learned a lot about planetary protection since Apollo, said Nick Benardini, the agency’s current planetary protection officer. It’s building protection from the ground up and holding workshops to understand science gaps, and it’s already working on a Mars sample lab.

The agency also intends to be fair to the public. “Risk communication and communication as a whole is very important,” said Dr. Bernardini. After all, he noted, “What’s at stake is the Earth’s biosphere.”

It is difficult to imagine that the biosphere is in danger from alien organisms, but the probability is not zero. “Low probability and high-impact risks really matter,” said Dr. Degroot. “Mitigating it is one of the most important things governments can do.”

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