How does the thyroid gland during pregnancy affect the fetus? Expert explains
Pregnancy is a very sensitive time when the mother and baby need the utmost care and support. Suffering from other comorbidities requires a little more extra attention.
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A woman's body changes significantly during pregnancy to support the growing baby. The thyroid gland plays a crucial role in these changes. It guides the mother's energy and metabolism to support fetal development. As a result, expectant parents should closely monitor the health of the mother's thyroid gland. India.com contacted Dr. Padmapriya B, MBBS, MD(OBG), MRCOG(UK), Consultant – Obstetrics Gynecology & Laparoscopic Surgeon, BirthRight By Rainbow Hospitals, Guindy, who sheds light on what exactly happens when women suffer from thyroid problems during pregnancy.
Thyroid gland: risks during pregnancy
Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) are secreted by the thyroid gland. The correct balance between T3 and T4 is necessary for the well-being of the mother and the growth of the child. Thyroid diseases are usually caused by imbalances in the T3 and T4 hormones. Today, hypothyroidism (insufficient thyroid hormone secretion) and hyperthyroidism (excessive thyroid hormone secretion) are two of the most common thyroid disorders. Premature birth, low birth weight and developmental problems are risks associated with both diseases.
Thyroid disorders have different effects on the fetus depending on the stage of development. Babies depend on their mother's thyroid hormones during the first trimester. During this time, low T4 levels can result in brain abnormalities or problems with the baby's vital early organs, especially the heart. Organ development takes place during the second trimester of pregnancy. The proper development of the brain, heart, lungs and other important organs of the fetus is highly dependent on thyroid hormones. During this time, poor thyroid health can lead to skeletal deformities, growth retardation, and developmental abnormalities in vital organs. Fetal growth accelerates in the third trimester, increasing the need for thyroid hormones. If this need is not met, the child may experience decreased cognitive performance and a higher risk of respiratory disease.
The mother's health can also be affected by thyroid problems. Hypothyroidism can cause fatigue and depression, while uncontrolled hyperthyroidism can cause heart problems. Thyroid hormones are also responsible for regulating blood flow to the uterus, thus maintaining uterine health. Thyroid problems can cause deficiencies in the uterus, which can hinder the development of the fetus. A thyroid hormone imbalance increases the risk of problems such as gestational diabetes and preeclampsia. Thyroid problems can also cause other health problems that can directly or indirectly cause a miscarriage. Scenarios such as high blood pressure or heart problems related to thyroid disease typically pose risks to both the mother and fetus.
It is critical for pregnant women with thyroid disorders to receive proper medical care and monitoring during pregnancy. Thyroid diseases can be controlled and the associated risks reduced by regularly testing thyroid function and taking appropriate medications. When planning a baby, women should talk to a doctor about optimizing their thyroid health. If they have a history of thyroid problems, they should also arrange for necessary prenatal care.